Invisible Monitoring Technologies: State of the Art Report

Invisible monitoring is used to collect and assess athlete-related data with minimal disruption to practice. This report categorizes technologies used for invisible monitoring into four broad categories: positional, kinetic, kinematic, and physiological tracking systems. It summarizes data-collection requirements, typical outputs, validity and reliability, athlete burden, and practical relevance for workflows involving invisible monitoring.

This report is an output of Invisible Monitoring in the Development of Well-being and Performance project – a collaborative research project coordinated by Turku University of Applied Sciences and funded by Business Finland (7507/31/2024). The project scrutinizes both technology and practices of invisible monitoring primarily in the context of sports and physical activity and interprets and translates the findings also for other areas of application where human well-being and performance are important.